Baseball and Boxing from Pre-modern to Modern

Baseball and boxing make up a very large portion of the American sports culture, and for more than 100 years have developed into the professional, nationwide and international games that we can see on television today. In the 1870’s baseball started to be acknowledged as America’s national sport, however boxing enjoyed a similar popularity and both of these sports have changed from small-time amateur pastimes into televised, professional league sports that bring in millions of dollars each year and pay their athletes considerable amounts of money to keep on playing.While both baseball and boxing may now, and always have, attracted a different sort of crowd, they have both nevertheless developed along very similar lines. In 1869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings were formed; the team was the very first professional baseball team and it went undefeated that first year after being challenged by many amateur teams (Goldstein, 1989, p. 70).Over the subsequent years (more than a c entury) since the inception of the National League and the American League, two factors of the game have changed significantly: the integration of ethnic minorities into the major Leagues and the fact the game itself has become less violent than it was in its earlier years. In the 1890’s, the segregation of black and white baseball teams began, following an initial period of integration that was very short-lived (White, 1995, p. 140). The Negro Leagues incorporated several different non-white leagues into one general ‘outsider’ structure of teams that were comprised predominantly of black players.Other ethnic minorities would have been relegated to these leagues instead of joining the National or American Leagues, which were solely comprised of white, male players. In 1945, after a huge push from many people within professional baseball that echoed the sentiments of an anti-racist American population, black baseball player Jackie Robinson was signed to the Montre al Royals and in a few short years the Negro Leagues would disband due to full integration. The early baseball players were not only taking part in a segregationist sport, they were also playing the game with much more violence than they are today.They tried harder to steal bases and to score runs than experts feel today’s players do; where once it was not uncommon for runners to physically interject when the basemen tried to catch a throw, now base runners will simply run to their base and let the field and basemen do their jobs. It is fair to say that the game has mellowed. Boxing has exhibited great similarity to the development of baseball in America, albeit an entirely different sport. Where baseball is a team game dependent on specific rules of play, boxing emerged as a sport totally dependent on the strength and will of one man to simply overpower another in a direct fist-fight.Bare-knuckle boxing is the ancestor of today’s boxing, a sport that is blatantly viol ent however in comparison to some of the fights that took place in the 19th century. Boxing in its infancy was carried to America by British settlers and has forever secured a place in the hearts of many sport enthusiasts in modern day. This is another sport that has become decidedly less violent and which has also seen its participators overcome the segregation that was rampant in early American society (Gorn, 1986, p. 128).In place of very strict guidelines where whites and blacks must not engage each other in sport, like in the baseball leagues, it was more common for mixed fighting to occur in boxing. The crowds could be massive at any event, and often the pitting of a white champion against a black one would draw even more attention to the point where thousands of would-be spectators were turned away. This was a sport in which black athletes could really carve a niche for themselves and, while constantly facing discrimination like any other minority at the time, a boxer could l iterally fight his way out of racial oppression.Bare-knuckle boxing is not extinct, however professional boxers are required to wear gloves that will not only protect their hands but their opponents as well. The sport is not as bloody and less of its participants will leave the ring with broken bones, however there can be no doubt that boxing is still a very primal, violent sport. Superficially speaking, it bears no resemblance to baseball, however these are two American sports that have evolved with a change in racial tensions and equality issues and with modern concerns over health and safety.Both have tamed considerably and allow minorities to play professionally. Reference List Goldstein, W. J. (1989). Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball. New York: Cornell University. Gorn, E. J. (1986). The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting in America. New York: Cornell University. White, S. and Malloy, J. (compiler) (1995). Sol White’s History of Colored Base Ball, with Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886

Disadvantages of arranged marriage Essay

DISADVANTAGES OF ARRANGED MARRIAGES.  · The main disadvantage of Arranged marriages in Hinduism (especially in India) is the dowry system. It has been said that the dowry system has been completely eradicated from the social views around the country, but it doesn’t seem like it. The dowry system basically is a situation where the girls family pays enormous amounts on money or gives other expensive things such as gold, cars etc. to the groom’s family, just because they are on the superior side of the relationship.  · Arranged marriages may sometimes raise a hard situation of choosing the right partner. This occurs when there is a lot of pressure on the unwed individual from the family members. This sometimes leads the individual to rethink about arranged marriages. The couple might experience lack of privacy in their relationship due to the family closeness and interference by other relatives. It calls for an awkward situation if the couple is in an argument, and hence the entire family/ families might get involved even if they don’t tend to. Once a couple chosen through arranged system of marriage get married, family future, financial planning and other relative tasks take the first priority. Hence the main feeling of love between the couple ends up being the â€Å"second thing† in the relationship. Even though we discussed in the advantages that the in-laws support the couples during their wedded life, sometimes feelings of ego and jealousy drive the other memebers of the family to sour up the relationship between the couple. This take a huge toll on the couple as they get caught up in the family and in-law dispute. Therefore in some cases it ends up breaking the relationship between two individuals. (Lack of faith). Couples must remember that they have chosen their partners by their will and they don’t need to get carried away by the ill thoughts of the other family members as they have a future to look forward to. Another disadvantage is when the boy’s family turns down a girl just because she mig ht be average in appearance, even though she is decent, respects her elders and knows how to stand along with her future partner in sorts of situations that he or his family might face. An arranged marriage might also result in family feuds if it was a forced one. Either one of the partners might have chosen someone else as their future partner.

Business Process for Intercontinental Conference help

Since the precedent era the intercontinental conference is being held for the decorum of Business Process Management for overcoming the issues of business alliance, and get through profitable outcomes through their official ventures. This platform has conquered an alleged overview through conducting eminence analysis of business prospective amendments, and tender crucial protestation to recommend proposal to rid off, over these concerns. Acknowledged through E.Soural in 2012 that, Business Process Management upholds numerous symposiums at global level, through configuring ideal dialogue of vital reviews, condiment banter along massively prominence business deities and considers over the issues through their prospective along pioneering recommendations for the formulation of the entire tactics and condemned sustainable elucidations for suitable outcome. The Business Process Management optimize symposium progression embracing the miscellany along opulence through Business Process Management meadow and dole out as exclusive opulent over connoisseurs figure describes the blend of obedience’s mending the sumptuous subjects to be the base of every speculation, sources like Managing System, Knowledge Management and Processor formulations are to be installed facing edge of the organization. Through nowadays worldwide endeavors require to admittance over salvage along amalgamate statistics all-round for the peripheral foundations. Along the competence to accomplish their aligned prospective, it is obligatory to trounce over enormous methodological obstacles mended the immense information configuration, construction of the structure and set off objectives for the procurement. Practically through the overview of assorted organization, there are some subdivisions mended for the possession along circulating the figures. Several of the organization have formulated by the comprehensive statistics across diverse peripheral foundations those are pertinent over the vicinity of conscientiousness. Administrating above prolong assorted milieu as onerous along pricey. Assortments of elucidation are penetrated intention for the business statistics analysis. The crucial is anticipated that the figures over elevated integrity, it is circulate through the communal corpses. Configuring the operation to formulate information unbolt is habitually obligatory through the provincial decrees. Usually the financial systems along the information accumulation procedures for unambiguous foundations are conducted through assorted prospective of communal populace. It analyzes significant segments among the financial system, often through the communal along constitutional progression. Through the summit if concluding the organization formulate subjective circulating of the federation. The consummate information of circulate provides information over: Through business amendments, a vital endowment of information over apiece realm configures the arithmetical bureau. Habitually there constitute over online coordination that grant admittance to statistics. It’s is proficient for immense monetary, tape realistic and societal researches. Conversely, this platform formulates allocation for several of information through databases. The respite of information provides accessibility through charts displayed over the web enlighten in the course of manuscripts that is anticipated for the viewer to comprehend those files, unfortunately it is barely palatable through systems. The Europe Business Process Management conference estimated in 2012 along the coalition Of twenty nations endeavoring to relocate the revolutionary analysis over latest merchandise and overhaul through the vicinity over BPM. The Europe Business Management conference upholds assorted nationalized inventiveness to evaluate Europe. Amended the ambition is to formulate concentration over pronouncement producers along securing the sustainment above massive business expenditure of Europe Business Process Management enterprises. The entire European Business Process Management canvassers and executors are deployed to unite along the vigor. Referred by Nurcan. S in 2012 that, Analogous concept is espoused by various provincial geometric workplaces. Maneuver the information through the paradigm of central agency of Poland that allocates its information in figure of Excel documentary. The cooperative method of accumulating information through Excel sheets, which is an uncomplicated platform divide into rows and columns, anticipated supreme charter to formulate information. The additional dilemma are mended over the pamphlet progression misrepresent significant details of information apart from the availability, Meta information is also not distributed, nor endow with texted information, individual decipherable explanations. It does not ensure potential usage of information. Through some comprehensive resolution the information is mended over XML documentaries. It habitually imitate sum, and somehow obtainable through the WEB server in individual comprehensible substitute along normal form of information. Whereas information is finely prearranged through diverse prospective, a normally it is not depicted through adequate aspects as to offer express accessibility through systematic utilization. An additional quandary along the concept is implemented normally, which do not pursue unbolt customaries appropriately. Along the instance of the XML information presented through P. State Depository is offered. Acquaintance of the idiom that is precondition as to condemns suitable utilization of information. The massively significant confronts along the information utilization procedure as credentials for pertinent database through online motive. The foremost investigation locomotives present minor maintenance to recognize the information basics along analysis contended for scrupulous significances over the provided compute is practically impracticable. However, yet during individual administers the categorize supplies, which is not undemanding for repossess information because that is not obtainable along configures effortlessly palatable through curriculums. Convention develop allocate layout, along be deficient of portrayal along deficiency of Meta information and connecting among diverse database thwarts interpretation across the information, which fractious over individual database. The symposium 2013 offer entire Business Process Management and Enterprise Architecture associate of Europe through solitary podium submission to ascertain the advantageous along BPM and EA lay simultaneously. The previous seminar conducted an immense sensation along the subordinate locality was eventually suitable, as considered by the delicates. Arrangement of application is at present been conventional over the symposium. Formulate intentions regarded: Contended by Glykas M.M in 2013, however several machineries over the perspective, which could facilitates the circumstance. Configure the substance through the instance of semantic machineries, which the espoused operands to formulate information depiction and analysis. It is analyzed primarily characterized through B. Lee, that the semantic browser is not a detach portal, hence it conservatory over the WEB through our knowledge. The solitary discrepancy, which corresponds, is figures are mended along the distinct connotation, alternatively that the processor has enormous prospects to reclaim the data through the harmony along individual objectives. The Business Process Management meeting in 2013, it notable that the upcoming cohort of Business Process Management condiment its virtues further than incremental competence, and contend to switch over to envision along research base analysis of optimization over Business maneuver. It productive work include: Through several farsighted dissertations B. Lee delineates various potentials. Individual tenure may sustained through mediators, that are operational along satisfactory background acquaintance, which can consult among apiece to provide our span effortless. To configure to this competence the information should be reachable to mechanisms for alternatively suitable development competent. Whereas several necessitates should be followed like immense physical exertion, which have to be carried out before any anticipation. Mentioned by U, Rahm in 2013 that, Configure the outcome of substandard development, preliminary of the about few years, the hallucination was reconsidered along the possibility of the semantic system were constrained through accurate demonstration of information. Amended through the hallucination of the semantic browser demonstrated for the aspirations, and the entire populace would be formulate to this medium of intermediary affirm connected information. It not configured through any officially interpreted documentary, but solitary sustain information. Based on the rdf format of attitudes along a extraordinarily effortless symbolized through 3 affirmatives: The connected information is deposit of customaries functional for circulating the prearranged information on single browser through rdf diagrams. This opinion pursues url’s the are obliged for through systematic profile are predestined over http, along url’s which configure entwined allots course-plotting. The connected unbolt information is connected statistics archetype functional over communal unbolt information through various realms at global level. At Oct 30, 2007 the constitution campaigners held a conference at Sebastopol at California to address that how the Constitution could be uplifted of the platform of e-stored Constitutional information for communal review. The efficient concepts of ten estimations are to be embrace to aperture over constitutional data. Along the doctrine are: Connected information is presently measured through clarification over preparation of statistics fissure. That composes it unproblematic to the constructors to switch over linked data system among diverse foundations. The minimalism for the demonstration and elucidation regarding the connotation offered to be striking. Withdrawal of uncomplicated actualities presents background for massive information system. Future linked to 2 important prospective: Interior perceptions could be definite as: Those are incarcerating elementary distinctiveness over the individual to milieu impartial along idiom impartial approach. Constantly the interior terminology address as the â€Å"foundational perception through scrupulous depiction idiom, corresponding as rdf along xml representation. The association’s pedestal over widespread terminology formulated through aspects like Dublin Core and another crate of Meta information measurement and representations eg: Elucidated by Janssen M. in 2012 that, Over peripheral treatment corporations massively utilize cryptographic links for their commotions. Moreover aspects of geological terminology, that is immensely province unambiguous. Appropriate implementation of monetary is not condiment to be potential devoid of orientation compilation for the associations and populace eg: The suitable compilation of terminology is accessible through connected unbolt terminologies situate. Declared by N M. Weske in 2012 that, Nowadays massive range of information is whole host of corresponding database. Concerting that there is no supplementary covenants along islets regarding to database, before denoted as information storage looms, the information is previously someway correlated. The occurrence was initially mended on May, 2007 as Connected Unbolt Information district. The structure of the initially known as cloud by R. Cyganiak along A. Jentzsch in attendance through the foremost foundation of the causatives information, the involvement of dramatists are connected over cloud figure contended as the register of accessible database and linkage among them. Through every annual overview, cloud platform is extending rapidly over the horizon. Configure by H. Kà ¼hn in 2013 that, the circumstance of ability relating to connected unbolt information system establishes it competence and accessible revolutionizes persistently. The amount of information portico is prosperous over the era. Concerting through abundant information formulation corresponding through various aspects: The documentary is mended along the overall information source of the Business Process Management (BPM) tactics and formulation of systematic operands to be followed through the business procedure corresponding to which amendments are made on these prospective according to the coloration of populace demands and worth eventual. Maintaining the entire foundation of the business venture along supreme management and proficient handling, ought’s be the confront of the business development. Paschou M. Sakkopoulos, E. Soural, 2012. Moblie Based Processes for Efficent Customer Flow Management. Halip T, Korgstie J, Nurcan S, 2012. Based Processes for Efficient Customer Management. Lampathaki F, V. Calcic, 2012. Translating Knowledge into Growth. Views from ICT Research to Support Future Business Innovation. Glykas M.M, 2013. Effort based performance measurement in business process management. Knowledge and Process Management. Kamarain F, Ayani R, Moradi F, 2012. A framework for simulation-based optimization of process models. Oliverira, C.A.L. Lima, 2013. Quantitative analysis of resource-constrained business process. Becker M, Klingner S, 2012. Towards Customer-Individual Configuration of Business Process Models, Kumar A, Yao W, 2012. Design and management of flexible process variants using templates and rules. Computer Industry 63. Muller R, Greiner U, Rahm, 2013. A workflow system supporting rule based workflow adaption. Data Knowledge Engineering 51. Bayer, H. Kà ¼hn, 2013."Prozessmanagement fà ¼r Experten - Impulse fà ¼r aktuelle und wiederkehrende Themen. H.Broninski, 2013."Human Interaction: The Missing Link in BPM (Part I)". Gong, Y. and Janssen, M, 2012. From policy implementation to business process management: Principles for creating flexibility and agility. Panagacos, 2012.The Ultimate Guide to Business Process Management: Everything You Need to Know and How to Apply It to Your Organization. Weske, 2012. "Business Process Management: Concepts, Languages, Architectures. M.Dumas, M. L. Rosa, J. Mendling, H. A. Reijers, 2013. "Fundamentals of Business Process Management. Mckinty and A. Mottier, 2016. "Designing Efficient BPM Applications - A Process-Based Guide for Beginners" Silver, 2012. BPMN Method and Style: With BPMN Implementer's Guide. Getting academic assistance from

APN credentialing boards Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

APN credentialing boards - Research Paper Example A common and significant group of nurses are the Advanced Nursing Practitioners. The Advanced Nursing Practice activities however, cannot be without scrutiny. Practices headed and managed by APNs have become wide spread. This has seen the emergence of credentialing boards like; American Nursing credentialing centre, National Certification Corporation and the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. These credentialing institutions perform the duty of giving license, validating clinical experience, giving education preparations and certify nursing practices. APN credentialing boards 1.0. Introduction Over the years they have been emergence on numerous nursing practices. Advanced nursing practice has evolved from being an informal hidden specialty and has become a formal practice with wide spread recognition. It is due to this recognition that it has drawn interests in governments to come up with standards and modes of operations for APNs. Credentialing boards have also been formed. Cr edentialing boards are given the duty to determine whether certain activities are within the scope of operations of APNs. These boards set the ground work for the operation rules, regulations and ethics in the APN practice. According to Fulton & Lyon (2009) the decision making boards also help the APNs to make right decisions in the line of duty. Additionally, the institutions also take the views of advanced nursing practice before coming up with decisions. They consult all groups of nurses under the advanced nursing practice. This essay shall focus on the different credentialing boards and their impacts on the APNs. 2.0. Body The ANP is a broad group which has the capacity of carrying out different and complex duties in a health institution (Carr, Layzel & Christensen, 2010). These duties include administration of health care organizations, implementing and developing health care policies, managing of individuals and groups of patients and the direct care of individual patients. 2. 1. American Association of Critical Care Nurses The American Association of Critical Care Nurses, as one of the credentialing boards is responsible for offering the APNs with an opportunity to take part in programs that boost their careers (McLeod & McGloin, 2010).The nurses are also presented with an opportunity to interact with other nurses; thus, enhance their career through interactions. Through this body, nurses have also gained an opportunity to access various certifications that place them in a better opportunity to get jobs. Through these programs, they are also able to acquire information on how to handle tasking situations that they may encounter in their career, therefore, have a successful career life. Of essence, this board enhances the nursing skills in a tremendous manner. 2.2. American Midwifery Certification Board The American Midwifery Certification Board (AMCB) is yet another credentialing board of the ANPs. This body has been credited for its contribution in keep ing the nurses updated with the major role they are faced with in provision of services to the public. The body also provides the nurses with certification programs, for instance, AMCB certification tests, as well as approval by the nursing council (Ament, 2007). 2.3. American Nurses Credentialing Center The American Nurses Credentialing Center is one of the most prominent credentialing boards in the world (Masters, 2009). This association is charged with the responsibility

Spring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spring - Assignment Example The themes that pop up in the mind, while listening to this piece, can be linked together to form an imaginary saga. The music rejuvenates the mind with flamboyant colors and a lively weather. It populates our imagination with things that are associated with the positive memories of lives. The symphony starts with a beautiful composition of violins which gives off a lot of youthful energy. It conjures an image of a young person in the middle of the meadows. The cloudy weather and cool breeze is captivating the attention of this person. The person has nothing on his mind apart from the ambience surrounding him. His past and future are beyond him at that moment. The present is only what concerns him. He has no idea where he came from and where he is going to go. Two minutes into the symphony, a strange disturbance seems to approach that person. Perhaps some people are following him for something that he is not even aware of. He cleverly escapes from the trouble and tries to figure out why he was being chased. He then enjoys a tender meal out in the open. This whole notion emphasizes the fleeting nature of dark interludes in our lives. Whatever the story of this character may be, he just cannot let go of the beauty that surrounds him. The music does not tell much about the person but it does give a hint of royal touch to the character of the person. It sounds as if he left the royal life and all its riches to live the life of a common man and just be able to feel the blood gushing trough his veins. The music reminds us that life comes from nature and that there is nothing more beautiful than nature. Problems will come and go but one cannot forget to observe and appreciate the beauty and purity of nature because if he forgets than perhaps nat ure will forget to do the same too. The music illustrates that such joy can come after committing a noble act even if it gets us into trouble so our protagonist could have committed such an act. That would explain the

American Perspective Short Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Perspective Short Stories - Essay Example To analyze the cost of Vietnam War effectively, the two warring nations need to be treated as separate entities. This is because the costs incurred by the America were not similar to those incurred by the Vietnam. During the war, American suffered heavy losses that had long-lasting effect on its citizens and economy. Firstly, America lost nearly 58,000 people to the war. The dead included American combatants and service members serving at different battalions that were deployed in Vietnam (Bennett 162). The heavy casualty suffered by American servicemen and combatants in Vietnam caused the Americans to condemn the government for its decision to send troops to Vietnam. This shows that people were feeling the pinch of the war through the death of their relatives. The US also had to sustain the war by supplying equipment and ammunition to the service men and this contributed to the cost incurred by the country. In addition, Vietnam veteran suffered adverse health effects some that resul ted from Agent Orange that was used to eliminate Vietnam forest cover. This caused massive protests from war veterans that America had to deal with as long-term effects of the war. ... Between 1969 and 1973 nearly 107, 504 Vietnamese lost their lives. These figures may be slightly lower since most of Vietnamese deaths went on unreported. These deaths include those that occurred in the frontline and those that resulted from bombs dropped in Indochina. The civilian deaths resulting from the war were estimated to be 200,000 most of who died from starvation (Bennett 92). These figures are slightly lower since most civilian deaths were not recorded. After the war, Vietnam had to cope with the aftermath, which resulted from the devastating effects of the war. The bombs used by America on Vietnam fighters had long-lasting effects on the civilian population and environment. In addition, the country lost most of its infrastructures such as bridges to the war. This is because American bombers targeted such infrastructures as part of their combat strategy. In order to defeat the Vietnamese the American divided the country into portions or territories that later became indepen dent states. This political strategy was applied by the Americans to gain advantage over Vietnamese. The resultant states included Cambodia North and South Vietnam. This segregation partly resulted due to Soviet invasion and American strategy to win the war. The modern day radical movements such as al-Qaida and Taliban that have cost the US millions of dollars also have their roots in the Vietnam War. 2. What was the Bonus Army and what were the reasons and goals behind the movement? Was it successful? The World War I had a long-lasting effect on Americans and the country’s policy makers. The bonus army was a demonstration of the effects that the war had caused on the

FINAL EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FINAL EXAM - Essay Example This separates personal assets from business assets hence cannot be involved in lawsuits. The other advantage is that cooperate business has a continuity agreement, in that even if one member dies the other shareholders still have it alive. Disadvantages come in when it is required to file many legal documents such as the certificates and articles of incorporation, which may take long and is cumbersome. Another major disadvantage is that cooperate business do get tax deductions when distributing dividends, and this eats up into shareholders earnings. Question 3 "To pierce the corporate veil" refers to the possibility of someone to sue the owners of the corporate business. The corporate shareholders are thus held personally liable for the assets and liabilities of the business. Double taxation happens when the cooperate business is taxed for being a corporation itself and the second time when distributing dividends which are profits paid to shareholders in return of their investments. Question 4 I would prefer to start a partnership business for a small cafe/restraint business, where I would sell beverages and snacks. If managed well, a restaurant business can be very profitable as food is one of the basic needs of a human being implying that customers would always stream into the restaurant provided high quality services are provided. Restaurants do not need a lot of capital and expertise to start, all it needs is a spacious room with furniture, a well stocked kitchen, a couple of employees, cooks and waitresses. I prefer a partnership business with two partners where every partner has equal responsibilities to the business and is involved in the daily operations of the restaurant. Partnerships are relatively easy to start and compared to sole proprietors, the partners can raise a higher capital to start the business. Partners help each other in business decisions for instance interviewing employees or signing in a new contract. In connection to my restraint bu siness, my partner should have a hotel and catering skills to compliment my business skills. With a partnership, it is easier to get credit facilities because they have unlimited liability hence easier to raise sufficient funds to run the restaurant. Lastly, a partnership business is easy to dissolve as there not many legal restrictions. When the partners decide to go separate ways they just need to agree on how to split the assets and benefits after paying all the debts. Question 5 General liability- Here, the court will have to establish who has right to control the work and workers performing the duties. Parties Intentions- The intention of parties is also considered when differentiating an employee and a contractor. The court should check the agreement between the parties. Financial control- In determining a person’s status, financial issues are also important. The court should establish who pays the workers and where they get tools to perform their duties. Tax- If the wo rker is an independent employee, he is supposed to pay taxes from his/her pocket but if the worker is a contractor the hiring parties should pay his taxes. Working time- If the working time is longer than that of a usual contract, then the workers lean more towards the employee side than a contractor. Question 6 In legal terminologies," respondeat superior" means the employer is liable for the mistakes of their employee committed on the scope of work (Marsh &

Transforming organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Transforming organizations - Essay Example All the theories of organizational development aim toward improving individual organizations. Such a notion of organizational development differs considerably from the traditional techniques of organizational change. This paper aims at answering the various questions related to organizational development and the traditional methods. Traditional, Pragmatic and scholarly forms of transforming organizations The traditional systems of organizational change emphasize mainly on identifying the problems arising in an organization and then making efforts to make changes to the factors that are creating such problems. It is an endeavor to bring about changes in isolated behaviors that are responsible for certain unwelcome outcomes. It does not pay much attention to the cooperative action of the managers as well as the employees at the different hierarchical levels to solve the problems. Traditionalists argue that the long established values that human beings possess should be the driving forc e of OD. It should be based on equality, faith and collaboration (Trends within OD and Their Impact on OD’s Future, 2012). The pragmatic forms relate to the growing demands for professionalization and emphasizes on relevance. They desire that OD should create a common body of knowledge, describe the minimum level of aptitude and introduce regulatory infrastructure. The scholarly forms of OD are based on the ability to understand, predict and control change. They are more inclined towards creating knowledge and figure out proactively how change is triggered and under what circumstances it works effectively. These differences are illustrated in Figure 1 (See Figure 1 in Appendix B). Changes in the methods of organizational development There are different forms of organizational development in terms of both theoretical and philosophical grounds. These different practices of organizational development have emerged, according to general thinking, as a result of a shift in the awar eness of people and their acceptance of the new theories and more importantly because, these new theories become effective in practice. They throw light on new ways of improving effectiveness of the organizations alongside staying true to the humanistic value base of the organizational development (Bushe & Marshak, 2009, p. 349). The form of OD that is prevalent and is commonly found to be explained in OD textbooks is the Diagnostic OD. Contrary to this, a new form of OD is followed by the organizations that have been named as the Dialogic form of OD. In the foundational theory of OD, organizations are believed to adapt to their outside environment similar to the way employees adapt to the internal environment of the organization. The Diagnostic OD refers to the process of collecting data for making comparisons between a team or company against a given prescriptive model. Methodologies in this process include classical research, socio-technical analysis of systems, survey feedback, SWOT analysis and effective team development. These are incorporated into the methods of problem solving and action planning. The central aspect of this form of OD lies in the assumption that the objective data can be used in the process of social discovery. The classical system of organizational development pushes people to think of companies as an assortment of structures that co-evolve with their environment and adapt to it. However the emerging practices of orga

CULTURAL VARIATION ACROSS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Essay

CULTURAL VARIATION ACROSS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS - Essay Example The encouraging movement of IM&As has been recognised especially in developing countries which has facilitated in providing scope for maximizing and reshaping the financial structure of the global boundaries. With this concern, it can be observed that the Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) are frequently not able to ascertain the overall financial benefits of M&As due to not keeping abreast with the recent trends (Chapman, 2003). The paper takes into consideration a competitive analysis of increasing amount of FDI through the IM&As and its impact on the culture of the United Kingdom and China. The paper also intends to focus on the various cultural differences and their impacts on the aspect of IM&As. Key Components of Culture Values and Beliefs Individual’s values and beliefs are the fundamental aspects of cultural deviation within a community. The notion of value can be defined as the various evolving aspects that affect a person while acquiring decisions or doing any activity in relation to development of the social culture. The dissimilar national cultures involved within the cross boarder M&As endorse increased opportunities along with augmenting the amount of risks within the enterprises (Comminicaid, n.d.). It has been observed that the process of M&As create certain difficulties for the merging enterprise to be integrated due to its double layered of socialization norms where, the organisations need to fiddle not only with a different national culture but also the values and the traditions of the firms of another country. With this concern, the higher individualistic characteristic within the UK employees enables to ascertain the development of individual performances with their creativity and innovative ideas. However, the values within Chinese culture are frequently observed as a significant aspect in terms of establishing the culture in managerial and organisational practices. The strong importance upon the dimension of collectivism and correlati ve group behaviours are highly observed within the business culture of Chinese organisations (Cheng & Seeger, 2012). Communication Styles The communication style of the business organisations is an important part to negotiate and perform various operational as well as organisational practices. The communication style enables to create a sophisticated relationship between two different organisations having diverse cultural norms. Moreover, communication can be considered as a major aspect that impacts on the business culture in case of M&As. With this concern, the European communication styles play considerably an eminent part in terms of maintaining a positive and comprehensive communication within the various organisational practices. The communication style of the organisations in the UK and China should be adequate to perform an idealistic approach of IM&As (Stahl & Voigt, 2006). Negotiation Styles Negotiation can be considered as a feasible strategy for an organisation to achiev e the height of success in global business. The people of the organisa

Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Scholarship - Essay Example My mother was a nurse and the sole earning member in our family when one day she finally had an abnormal growth on her spine because of which she was disabled. These hardships have worked towards strengthening my aims in life as I have learned a lot through experiences. My aim in life is to become a civil engineer so I can make a difference in the society. Experiences can either be bad or good and we should learn from these experiences. It is through many experiences that I have undergone in my life, I was able to understand the importance of education in life. My interest in the field of civil engineering developed through these experiences. When I was in my school I learnt about a terrible incident in which many people were killed because of the fault committed by an engineer. On that day I made up my mind that I had to become a civil engineer. Civil engineering has been my goal since I was studying in school and I think that I can bring a difference in this world with the right skills and ability. I believe that I have a talent which I can apply to my field and bring good in the society. It has been my goal to achieve expertise in the field of civil engineering and I have devoted much of my time researching on different topics about civil engineering. I have worked hard in my life to achieve knowledge and I believe that I will work harder in the future to gain relevant knowledge and expertise. I want to pursue a degree in the field of civil engineering and that is why I have chosen the best institute for civil engineering. I see myself in a career of civil engineering in the next ten years through which I can make a difference in the society. I believe that with this career I can also get over my financial disturbances and can have a better future. Gaining knowledge will be my most important aim when studying civil engineering. I always believe that one is never too old for studying and hence I would devote all my life to the field of education. If I

Philosophy on Guidance and Classroom Management Essay Example for Free

Philosophy on Guidance and Classroom Management Essay My philosophy on guidance and classroom management includes the ideas that as an educator I am responsible for providing an environment that allows each child to explore their own innate curiosity. NAEYC Standards states in regard to promote child development and learning an educator must be knowledgeable and understanding the multiple influences on early development and learning. Using developmental knowledge to create healthy, respectful, supportive, and challenging learning environments for young children in which I will provide an environment that exhibits compassion, that is secure, caring, and a stimulating atmosphere in which to grow and mature emotionally, intellectually, physically, and socially. I will allow children to become responsible members of the community by using strategies such as positive discipline and democratic principles. I will demonstrate to the children how to become responsible for themselves as well as their own learning. I will present curriculum that involves the interests of the children and make learning relevant to life. This will be operated through thematic units, projects, small group activities as well as hands on activities and individual assignments in order to make the children active learners. STANDARD 2: BUILDING FAMILY AND COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS It is my responsibility to ensure parents that the classroom will promote a positive learning experience; they will receive a handbook that will provide detailed information on policies and procedures. I will provide a curriculum that demonstrates meaningful experiences that respond to the children’s strengths, interests and needs. I will provide access to information (such as a class website) and newsletter rather than acting as the primary source of information. Students and parents will be provided with access to hands on activities that will allow adequate time and space to use materials that reinforce the lesson being studied for an opportunity for individual discover and construction of knowledge to occur. Parents will have an opportunity to schedule conferences for face to face interaction three times within the school year. Based on NAEYC second standard, which states to build family and community relationships, Based on NAEYC second standard, which states to build fam ily and community relationships, there will be an open door policy that will allow parents to interact with his/her child during the course of the day as well as special pop in visits. This will not only allow the parents to feel a part of the educational program but will also show their children their interest in their learning. In order to promote the most supportive classroom for children’s healthy development I would incorporate three components which would help to ensure continuity in children’s development: developmentally appropriate curricula, parents and school collaboration, and community support and services provided by social service agencies building supportive relationships with parents will influence these three components, this will help parents understand and sanction what is being taught. It is important that a well functioning classroom be aligned with the NAEYC standards. A classroom teacher has an ethical responsibility to the children. The teacher must recognize and respect the unique qualities, abilities and potential of each child. It is imperative that support is given to each child allowing them to play and learn in an inclusive environment, one that meets the needs of children with and without disabilities. Teachers also have a responsibility to the parents. Teachers should develop relationships of mutual trust and create partnerships with the families that are being provided and educational service. Teachers should always make every effort to communicate effectively with all families in a language that they understand. As well as inform families about the nature and purpose of all assessments that are used with their children. In regard to providing information about injuries and accidents, as well as risks of exposures to communicable diseases that might result in infection, the teacher will notify parents in a timely manner through verbal communication, flyers, and classroom postings. A classroom that is built on a solid foundation has dynamic classroom management techniques, showers their children with an abundance of love, as well as respect for families is a classroom that also follows Developmentally Appropriate Practices outlined by the National Association of Education for Young Children (NAEYC). Based on the Developmentally Appropriate Practices set forth by NAEYC, in regards to educators within the preschool-primary spectrum the goal is not for children to learn primary grade skills at an earlier age; it is for their teachers to take the first steps together to ensure that young children develop and learn, to be able to acquire such skills and understandings as they progress in school. References: Lombardi, J. (1992). Beyond transition: Ensuring continuity in5 early childhood services. ERIC Digest. Urbana, IL: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education NAEYC.org

Macro environmental factors that affect firms

Macro environmental factors that affect firms These factors are not within the control of management of business but still affects the business up to large extends. These factors are almost uncontrollable. The organization has to fit into this environment to survive in this competitive scenario. These factors of macro environment also affects the factors within the organization i.e. factors of micro environment. There are many factors in the macro-environment that will affect the decisions of the managers of any organization in this whole world. Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy, political changes are all examples of macro change. To analyze these factors managers can categories them using the PESTEL model. Political factors: This refers to government policy, For example: the degree of intervention in the economy. What goods and services a government wants to provide? Up To what extent does it believe in subsidizing firms? What are its major priorities in terms of business support? Political decisions can impact on many vital areas of business such as the education of the workforce, the health of the nation and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy such as the road and rail system. Economic factors: This includes interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. For example: Higher interest rate may deter the investment because it costs more to borrow. Inflation may provoke the higher wage demands from employees and raise costs. Higher national income growth may boost the demand for a firms products. Social factors: Changes in social trends can impact on the demand for a firms products and the availability and willingness of employees to work. For example: In the UK, the population has been ageing. This has increased the costs for firms who are committed to pension payments for their employees because their staffs are living longer. It also means some firms like ASDA have started to recruit older employees to tap into this growing labor pool. The ageing population also has impact on demand. For example: Demand for sheltered accommodation and medicines have increased whereas demand for toys is falling. Technological factors: New technology creates new products and new processes. MP3 players, computer games, online gambling, i-pods and high definition TVs are all new markets created by technological advances. Online shopping, bar coding and computer aided design are all improvements to the way the businessmen do business as a result of better technology. Technology can reduce costs; improve quality and leads to innovation. These developments can benefit consumers as well as the organizations which providing the products. Environmental factors: Environmental factor includes the weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries which include farming, tourism and insurance. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with greater environmental awareness these external factors are becoming a significant issue for firms to consider. The growing desire to protect the environment is having an impact on many industries like the travel and transportation industries (For example: more taxes being placed on air travel and the success of hybrid cars.) and the general move towards more environmental friendly products and processes is affecting demand patterns and creating business opportunities. Legal factors: These are related to the legal environment in which firm operates. In recent years in the UK there have been many beneficial legal changes that have affected firms behavior. The introduction of age discrimination and disability discrimination legislation, an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for firms to recycle are examples of the recent laws that affect an organisations actions. Legal changes can affect a firms costs and demand. IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage: Early identification of opportunities helps an enterprise to be the first to catch them instead of losing them to competitors. For example: Maruti Udyog became the leader in the small car market since it was the first to recognize the need for small cars in India. Firm to identify threats and early warning signals: If an Indian firm finds that a foreign multinational company is entering the Indian market it should gives a warning signal and Indian firms can meet the threat by adopting, by improving the quality of the product, reducing cost of the production, engaging in aggressive advertising, and so on. Coping with rapid changes: All sizes and all types of industries are facing increasingly dynamic environment. In order to effectively cope with these significant changes, managers must understand and examine the environment and develop suitable courses of action. Improving performance: The enterprises that continuously monitor their environment and adopt suitable business practices are the ones which not only improve their present performance but also continue to succeed in the market for a longer period of time. THE ORGANISATIONAL EXTERNAL BUSINESS STRATEGY By using the PESTEL framework a manager can analyze the many different factors in a firms macro environment. However, it is important not to just list PESTEL factors since this does not in it tell managers very much. What managers need to do is to think about which factors are most likely to change and which will have the greatest impact on them i.e. each firm must identify the key factors in their own environment. Managers must decide on the relative importance of various factors and one way of doing this is to rank and score the likelihood of a change occurring and also rate the impact if it did The higher the likelihood of a change occurring and the greater the impact of any change the more beneficial this factor will be to the firms planning. External Strategies of different organization Economic factors :- Vodafone: The growth of Asian countries like India and china, have had massive effects on Vodafone. Vodafone can relocate production there to benefit from lower costs; these emerging markets are also providing enormous markets for them to aim their product at. With a population of over 1 billion, for example, the Chinese market is not one that anyone would want to ignore, at the same time Chinese producers should not be ignored either. Social factors :- McDonaldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s: Important strategic decisions are a key factor to Mac Donaldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s success with consideration for both internal and external factors. When considering the foreign market, companies need to consider there are risks. There must be local marketing to appeal to the local consumers and also to build relationships and trust (Bateman Scott, 2004). Therefore, the strategic planning for marketing has to be effective enough. McDonaldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s caters its menu in other countries to the cultures of the regions. For example, in India, the non-vegetarian menu includes chicken and fish items only. Beef is not on the menu in India because are considered sacred. Political-legal factors:- American auto makers, the electric car and California: Electric cars For whatever reasons, several of the auto manufacturers in the USA began developing which they leased to satisfied customers. Then, California decided that it would be a good idea to mandate to American auto makers that if they expected to sell their cars in California they would have to invent some new technology reducing carbon dioxide. Presumably, California expected to see an increase of the electric cars being sold by auto makers. What happened is quite the opposite and the auto makers took a hard look at their electric car program, uncertain how to market a clean vehicle without admitting the piston engine vehicles are dirty, realizing that much of the profit from a piston engine vehicle comes with the replacement of the parts and not so with electric cars and finally, realizing that a State, not even the State of California can make them build technology they dont have, nor can any state even make them keep b uilding the technology they do have, and so, the auto makers killed their own electric car program and this was the impact of a political-legal environment. Technological factors:- NOKIA: The starting models of Nokia had some technical problem with battery backup. People who were using those handsets often complain which had spoil the reputation of the Nokia completely. The sales and market price of Nokia fell down drastically. Then management took serious consideration to these problems, and modifies all the handset with latest technology. Nokia had been successful to regain the trust of its consumers and as a result it enjoys monopoly in market. Environmental factors:- Tesco: In 2003, there has been increased pressure on various companies and managers to acknowledge their responsibility to society, and act in a way which benefits society overall. The main societal issue threatening food retailers has been environmental issues, a key area for companies to act in a socially responsible way. Hence by recognizing this trend within the broad ethical stance. Tescos corporate social responsibility is concerned with the ways in which the organization exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation and corporate governance. Graiser and Scott (2004) states that in 2003 the government has intended to launch a new strategy for sustainable consumption and production to cut waste reduce consumption of resources and minimize environmental damage. The latest legislation has created a new tax on advertising highly processed and fatty foods. The so-called à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“fat tax directly affected the Tesco product ranges that have subsequently been adapted and affecting relationships with both suppliers and customers.

Observing a mathematics lesson

Observing a mathematics lesson Introduction: The world in which we live is mathematical. In our everyday activities we need mathematics for instance; there is need in everyone for mathematical thinking as well as problem solving in the workplace, at home, when in a shopping spree, etc. In a world of such kind, you notice that those who comprehend and can operate mathematics will have immense opportunities that others lack. In fact, mathematical proficiency opens avenues to productive prospects. Conversely, lack of mathematical competency closes those doors. Usually, learners have varied abilities, interests and more fundamentally, needs. Yet each learner requires mathematics in his or her individual life, be it at home, in the workplace, and even in further study. All learners deserve a chance to appreciate the power and splendor of mathematics. Students should learn a new collection of mathematics nitty-gritty as well as higher level critical-thinking handiness which are critical to problem solving. These permits them to work out fluently, interpret and to unravel puzzles innovatively and resourcefully. The objectives of this lesson is to enable instructors establish suitable strategies employable in problem solving and appropriate forms of mathematical assessment and further the correlation between problem solving and learners achievement. In the lesson, the standards in mathematics with regard puzzle solving are also looked at, as well as problem solving and assessment in an inclusive setting. In the lesson, several standards put down by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) were addressed. The NCTM declares that students need to develop a range of strategies for solving problems, such as using diagrams, looking for patterns, or trying special values or cases (NCTM, 2000, p. 7). These teaching strategies allow learners to comprehend with ease abstract mathematical concepts and make these concepts realistic to learners perception. According to Hanson et al (2001), if all learners are going to gain knowledge of these strategies, then these strategies should be imbedded in and most importantly be taught across the curriculum. Beside strategies standards, NCTM also establishes the standards for mathematics assessment to help in enhancing learning of mathematics and modeling and shaping teacher instruction. As a result, learners need to use assessments as a part of the reflecting process and work together in partnership with the teachers to determine the direct ion of learning in mathematics (Hanson et al, 2001). The teacher did discriminate instruction within a diverse classroom into mainly high achievers and the low performing learners. In this case, the teacher exposed low achievers to basic skills with limited exposure to operate higher-level problem-solving skills which were left for the higher performers (Grouws Cebulla, 2000). These low performing learners according to Grouws Cebulla, (2000) need to be exposed to more challenging curricula which provide first hand experience. For instance, rather than handing learners a worksheet, a more interesting puzzle might relate to an investigation of classmates involving the kinds of pets they have. From that basis, the class could create graphs depicting data, find partial comparisons (introduction to ratios and probability) and percents. Technology was not used in the instruction of the math lesson. For more effectiveness and probably efficiency, technology can be incorporated into this lesson. For instance, the teacher can make use a graphing calculator. This will offer learners an opportunity to collaborate and discuss the puzzles to establish the solution, as they would in a real world situation. Teaching mathematics needs a lot of reference lists. Teachers habitually have reference lists posted in their classrooms during lessons to which students can make reference when faced with a problem-solving situation. Mathematical problem solving indeed is a multifaceted cognitive activity which involves numerous processes as well as strategies (Montague, n.d.). Stages involving Problem solving are twofold: representation of the problem and problem execution. In the lesson, the teacher used pictures or manipulative objects. Pictures and objects do help make the problems as well as concepts more real and concrete to students as nearly all mathematics concepts are abstract. Modern theories on teaching techniques discourage competition and instead promote collaborative learning. Competition as a teaching strategy demotivates and demoralizes the underperformers. As a teacher, I would reorganize the classroom to accommodate more learner-learner interaction. Placing learners into cooperative learning and problem solving situations will promptly increase the interaction between the high-performing and low-performing students with the target of bridging the learning gap. Moreover, I would employ use of alternative assessments like portfolios and hands-on projects in order to improve strengths and weaknesses of each individual mathematics students. I would also include modifications like slowing the pace of instruction, reducing the process of estimation from problem solving, using flip charts of the involved processes and strategies, and finally teaching from known to unknown, concrete to abstract and from simple to complex. Conclusion: Mathematical problem solving can best be taught by employing cooperative learning technique. Students should be provided with the processes, stages and strategies that make mathematics problem solving simple to learn. Teachers should also consider providing real life mathematics situations to challenge students, and students will begin to appreciate the necessity and essence to be excellent problem solvers. References: Grouws, D. Cebulla, K. (2000). Improving Student Achievement in Mathematics. Geneva, Switzerland: International Academy of Education International Bureau of Education, Educational Practices Series -4. Hanson, et al (2001). Should standard calculators be provided in testing situations? An investigation of performance and preference differences. Applied Measurement in Education, 14(1), 59-72. Montague, M. (n.d.). Math problem solving for middle school students with disabilities. The Access Center. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics.

A Poetic Journey of Love and Honor :: English Literature Essays

A Poetic Journey of Love and Honor A Trilogy of Love From the moment we met in early spring, as she stepped out of her car and threw her hair back, I knew I was in love. â€Å"Her long dark hair, her beautiful smile†¦when she say’s â€Å"hi†, I’m faint for a while†. While gazing into her soft beautiful eyes as she spoke, I couldn’t help but notice her laughter that accompanied that mystifying beauty. â€Å"Her laughter echo’s, the silence awakes†¦her beauty abound.. just makes my heart ache..† She told me she was from the mountains in Kentucky and how much she loved and wanted to return some day. â€Å"She comes from the mountains, A place she calls home†¦This place she loves, where she’s not alone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I knew this was a woman like no other woman in my life. † She’s into my life like a song and a prayer†¦never before, it just wasn’t there..† In the days that followed, as we strolled in the park immersed with spring fragrances, I knew I would never be the same. â€Å"My life has changed like flowers in June†¦A new day is here, â€Å"smell the lilacs in bloom.† I found her not only beautiful but intelligent and I couldn’t stop thinking of her. â€Å"As your beauty comes into focus.. My thoughts are yours, forever yours†. The more I got to know her, the happier I became. â€Å"For no one has made me happier, filling my life as completely†¦ As you had made me, caressing me with your smile when our eyes meet..†. I set out to honor her whenever I could, she was such a wonderful mother and lover that I was compelled to tell the world. â€Å"If winds could talk, they’d tell a tale that fills the soul with love and warmth†¦ And just having known you, my life is for the better†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Then just like that, something changed and we were no longer together. â€Å"But now she’s gone like a crisp spring day, and I’m all alone... with nothing to say†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Where there once was love, is there no more. â€Å"I know not when, love came and gone†¦ where it ended or when it begun..† Today I can only hope and speculate about tomorrow and what might have been. â€Å"With each day passing only hope is alive†¦sweet dreams of a future that did not survive.

The Ideology of Scientology and Kabbala :: Religion Scientology Kabbala Religious Essays

The Ideology of Scientology and Kabbala A leader of the Church of Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard, once wrote, â€Å"A culture is only as great as its dreams, and its dreams are dreamed by artists (3).† Alternative religions have had a dramatic impact on today’s culture. In the past few years, Hollywood has become â€Å"the cast of religious fads (2).† Many famous people such as Madonna, Roseanne, and Courtney Love have become products of the alternative religion, Kabbalahism. Others like John Travolta and Tom Cruise are well known, devote Scientologists. These two religions, Kabbalahism and Scientology have been the leading alternative religions and the cultural phenomenon of the 90’s. Our culture, Hollywood especially, has seen the biggest impact of this new phenomenon through the media. Christianity has very defined principles. They believe in one god who is an all knowing, all loving, all forgiving, and perfect being. Jesus sacrificed his life on the cross for our sins. They believe we must live our lives striving to be Christ in hope that our souls will live in eternity, Heaven. Kabbalahism, too, states that individuals must always try to walk the way of the Creator, be attached to him and all one’s thoughts should be in regard to him. Yet, Kabbalahists question the â€Å"Divine force.† Kabbalahists do not believe in an opposing evil force to God, or as they call it, â€Å"sitra achrah.† They believe all that we experience, both good and evil, is a direct result of the Creator. Kabbalahists feel that if God is the divine force whom created us all then why does he not show himself to us (1). Their belief is that life would be much easier if the Creator was visible in every way. Any doubts we once held of his existence would diminish, and we would realize the reason of our creation. We would be able to see his reactions to any of our negative mannerisms or behaviors. Our questions of why he causes our troubles would be answered and we would be able to change ourselves in accordance to do his will and get on the path to eternity. Through this visual perception of the Creator, we would be able to live by his example. There would not be a need for educators.

St. John’s Wort :: Depression Medicine Medical Plant Papers

St. John’s Wort What is St. John’s Wort? St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) is a small plant with bright yellow flowers. Wort is an old English term that means plant. The red spots on the leaves of the plant are symbolic of the blood of St. John after his beheading. The plant is grown worldwide but it grows especially well in parts of Northern California and Southern Oregon (http://www.doctormurray.com/articles/worteditorial.htm). St. John’s Wort has not been well known in the United States until recently. Studies on the medicine have been going on for decades in Europe. German doctors have been prescribing it and the insurance companies have been paying for it. It is available in many health shops in the United States and all across Europe but recently it has been selling out because of its increased popularity. In the United States, manufacturers can’t advertise it as a treatment for depression and doctors can’t prescribe it because the FDA (Federal Drug Administration) won’t allow it. It has to be advertised as a contribution to emotional balance and positive outlook or promoting a sense of balance for people with mild depression, not severe or major depression. St. John’s Wort comes in one of three forms: liquid, capsule, and dried form. (http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/health_psychologyStJohn.htm) What is the purpose of St. John’s Wort? St. John’s Wort use for depression, insomnia, and anxiety inspired a group of German doctors in the 1980’s to do research on the herb. The findings of their studies brought the group fame in the late 1990’s. A number of studies indicate that St. John’s is an effective treatment for treating mild-to-moderate depression (http://www.mothernature.com/cg/stjohns.asp). St. John’s is quickly becoming the most popular herbal drug in the United States. German physicians prescribed a total of 66 million daily doses in 1994. These German physicians now prescribe St. John’s wort an average of 8 times more than Prozac. These doctors claim that St. John’s wort produces better results in relieving depression, but the medicine does not have near the amount of side effects as Prozac (http://www.doctormurray.com/articles/worteditorial.htm). How does St. John’s Wort work? Originally, scientists thought that the reason St. John’s worked as an antidepressant was due to a substance called hypericin.

Life Is a Game Essay

â€Å"Each player must accept the cards life deals them: but once they are in hand, they alone must decide how to play in order to win the game. † – Voltaire â€Å"For when the One Great Scorer comes To write against your name, He marks – not that you won or lost – But how you played the game. † – Grantland Rice â€Å"My work is a game, a very serious game. † – M. C. Escher â€Å"A game is not won until it is lost. † – David Pleat â€Å"Play the game for more than you can afford to lose†¦ only then will you learn the game. † – Winston Churchill. â€Å"Daring ideas are like chessmen moved forward; they may be beaten, but they may start a winning game. † – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe â€Å"Most people give up just when they’re about to achieve success. They quit on the one yard line. They give up at the last minute of the game one foot from a winning touchdown. † – Ross Perot â€Å"It’s the game of life. Do I win or do I lose? One day they’re gonna shut the game down. I gotta have as much fun and go around the board as many times as I can before it’s my turn to leave. † – Tupac Shakur. â€Å"If you’re willing to put two thoughts into a picture then you’re already ahead of the game. † – Sean Penn † We know that we’re supposed to win all the games, but if we don’t, we just have to take the next game and focus on what we did wrong in the game before and just try to do better at the next game. † – Shaquille O’Neal â€Å"If past history was all there was to the game, the richest people would be librarians. † – Warren Buffett â€Å"At this stage of the game, I am not sure what’s going to happen. † – Bobby Rahal. â€Å"We didn’t lose the game; we just ran out of time. † – Vince Lombardi â€Å"You have to learn the rules of the game. And then you have to play better than anyone else. † – Albert Einstein â€Å"People have always doubted whether I was good enough to play this game at this level. I thought I was, and I thought I could be. What other people thought was really always irrelevant to me. † – Steve Nash â€Å"The goals made such a difference to the way this game went. † – John Motson â€Å"No coach has ever won a game by what he knows; it’s what his players know that counts. † – Paul Bryant â€Å"It’s more than a game. It’s an institution. † – Thomas Hughes â€Å"If life doesn’t offer a game worth playing, then invent a new one. † – Anthony J. D’Angelo â€Å"If you have the opportunity to play this game of life you need to appreciate every moment. a lot of people don’t appreciate the moment until it’s passed. † – Kanye West â€Å"I’ve missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I’ve lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I’ve been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I’ve failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. † – Michael Jordan â€Å"I think it’s wrong that only one company makes the game Monopoly. † – Steven Wright â€Å"So if you want to have a great video game-based movie you have to keep the mood of the game, use the normal character setup – but you have to flesh out the story and provide more background for the characters. † – Uwe Boll â€Å"If you make every game a life and death proposition, you’re going to have problems. For one thing, you’ll be dead a lot. † – Dean Smith. â€Å"Winning that first game was so important; my mother always said that the first game of the second set was the chance to keep it going if you were ahead or change things if you were behind. † – Tracy Austin â€Å"Life is like a game of cards. The hand you are dealt is determinism; the way you play it is free will. † – Jawaharlal Nehru â€Å"We play fair and we play hard. If we win the game we win, if we lose the game, we lose. † – Jason Williams â€Å"The person that turns over the most rocks wins the game. And that’s always been my philosophy. † – Peter Lynch â€Å"Never change a winning game; always change a losing one. † – Bill Tilden.

Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography

Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 DESIGN OF A NEW SECURITY PROTOCOL USING HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHY ALGORITHMS S. Subasree and N. K. Sakthivel School of Computing, Sastra University, Thanjavur – 613401, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. ABSTRACT A Computer Network is an interconnected group of autono mous computing nodes, which use a well defined, mutually agreed set of rules and conventions known as protocols, interact with one -another meaningfully and allow resource sharing preferably in a predictable and controllable manner.Communication has a majo r impact on today? s business. It is desired to communicate data with high security. Security Attacks compromises the security and hence various Symmetric and Asymmetric cryptographic algorithms have been proposed to achieve the security services such as Authentication, Confidentiality, Integrity, Non-Repudiation and Availability. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high s ecurity to information on controlled networks. These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity.To improve the strength of these security algorithms, a new security protocol for on line transaction can be designed using combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. This protocol provides three cryptographic pr imitives such as integrity, confidentiality and authentication. These three primitives can be achieved with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Dual -RSA algorithm and Message Digest MD5. That is it uses Elliptic Curve Cryptography for encryption, Dual -RSA algorithm for authentication and MD-5 for integrity.This new security protocol has been designed for better security with integrity using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Keywords: Network Security, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Dual-RSA, Message Digest-5. 1. INTRODUCTION Curiosity is one of the most common human traits, matche d by the wish to conceal private information. Spies and the military all resort to information hiding to pass messages securely, sometimes deliberately including misleading information [12]. Steganography, a mechanism for hiding information in apparently innocent pictures, may be used on its own or with other methods.Encryption fundamentally consists of scrambling a message so that its contents are not readily accessible while decryption is the reversing of that process[14]. These processes depend on particular algorithms, known as ciphers. Suitably scrambled text is known as cipher text while the original is, not surprising ly, plain text. Readability is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for something to be plain text. The original might well not make any obvious sense when read, as would be the case, for example, if something already encrypted were being further encrypted.It's also quite possible to construct a mechanism whose output is readable text but which actually bears no relationship to the unencrypted original. A key is used in conjunction with a cipher to encrypt or decrypt text. The key might appear meaningful, as would be the case with a character string used as a password, but this transformation is irrelevant, the functionality of a key lies in its being a string of bits determining the mapping of the plain text to the cipher text. 1. 1 Why we need cryptography?Protecting access to information for reasons of security is still a major reason for using cryptography. However, it's also increasingly used for identification of individuals, for authentication and for non -repudiation. This is particularly important with the growth of the Internet, global trading and other activities[12]. The identity of e -mail and Web users is trivially easy to conceal or to forge, and secure authentication can give those interacting remotely confidence that they're dealing with the right person and that a message hasn't been forged or changed.In commercia l situations, non-repudiation [12] is an important concept ensuring that if, say, a contract has been agreed upon one party can't then renege by claiming that they didn't actually agree or did so at some different time when, perhaps, a price was higher or lower. Digital signatures and digital timestamps are used in such situations, often in conjunction with other mechanisms such as message digests and digital certificates. 95 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010The range of uses for cryptography and related techniques is considerable and growing steadily. Passwords are common but the protection they offer is often illusory, perhaps because security policies within many organizations aren't well thought out and their use causes more problems and inconvenience than seems worth it[14,15]. In many cases where passwords are used, for example in protecting word processed documents, the ciphers used are extremely lightweight and can be attac ked without difficulty using one of a range of freely available cracking programs. 2.TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS 2. 1. Elliptic Curve Encryption When using elliptic curves in cryptography[11], we use various properties of the points on the curve , and functions on them as well. Thus, one common task to complete when using elliptic curves as an encryption tool is to find a way to turn information m into a point P on a curve E. We assume the information m is already written as a number. There are many ways to do this, as simple as setting the letters a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, . . . or there are other methods, such as ASCII, which accomplish the same task.Now, if we have E : y2 = x3 + Ax + B (mod p), a curve in Weierstrass form, we want to let m = x. But, this will only work if m3 + Am + B is a square modulo p. Since only half of the numbers modulo p are squares, we only have about a 50% chance of this occurring. Thus, we will try to embed the information m into a value that is a squa re. Pick some K such that 1/2K is an acceptable failure rate for embedding the information into a point on the curve. Also, make sure that (m + 1)K ; p. Let xj = mK + j for j = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,K ? 1 Compute x 3j + Axj + B.Calculate its square root yj (mod p), if possible. If there is a square root, we let our point on E representing m be P m = (xj , yj) If there is no square root, try the next value of j[4,5]. So, for each value of j we have a probability of about 1/2 that xj is a square modulo p. Thus, the probability that no xj is a square is about 1/2K, which was the acceptable failure rate[6]. In most common applications, there are many real-life problems that may occur to damage an attempt at sending a message, like computer or electricity failure.Since people accept a certain 16 amount of failure due to uncontrollable phenomenon, it makes sense that they could agree on an acceptable rate of failure for a controllable feature of the process. Though we will not use this specific process in our algorithms[10]. 2. 2. Dual RSA In practice, the RSA decryption computations are performed in p and q and then combined via the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) to obtain the desired solution in ? N, instead of directly computing the exponentiation in ? N. This decreases the computational costs of decryption In two ways.First, computations in ? p and ? q are more efficient than the same computations in ? N since the elements are much smaller. Second, from Lagrange? s Theorem, we can replace the private exponent d with dp = d mod (p – 1) for the computation in ? p and with dq = d mod (q – 1) for the computation in ? p, which reduce the cost for each exponentiation when d is larger than the primes. It is common to refer to dp and dq as the CRT -exponents. The first method to use the CRT for decryption was proposed by Quisquater and Couvreur [7,8].Since the method requires knowledge of p and q, the key generation algorithm needs to be modified to output the private key (d, p, q) instead of (d,N). Given the pri vate key (d, p,q) and a valid ciphertext C ? ? N, the CRTdecryption algorithm is as follows: 1) Compute Cp = Cdp mod p. 2) Compute Cq = Cdq mod q. 3) Compute M0 = (Cq – Cp) . p-1 mod q. 4) Compute the plaintext M = Cp + M0 . p. This version of CRT-decryption is simply Garner? s Algorithm for the Chinese Remainder Theorem applied to RSA.If the key generation algorithm is further modified to output the private key (dp, dq, p, q, p -1 mod q), the computational cost of CRT-decryption is dominated by the modular exponentiations in steps 1) and 2) of the algorithm. When the primes p and q are roughly the same size (i. e. , half the size of the modulus), the computational cost for decryption using CRT -decryption (without parallelism) is theoretically 1/4 the cost for decryption using the original method[7]. Using RSA-Small-e along with CRT-decryption allows for extremely fast encryption and decryption that is at most four times faster than standard RSA. 96IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol 2. 3 MD5 Algorithm MD5[2] consists of 64 of these operations, grouped in four rounds of 16 operations. F is a nonlinear function; one function is used in each round. Mi denotes a 32 -bit block of the message input, and Ki denotes a 32 -bit constant, different for each operation. s is a shift value, which also varies for each operation[1]. MD5 processes a variable length message into a fixed -length output of 128 bits. The input message is broken up into chunks of 512-bit blocks; the message is padded so that its length is divisible by 512.The padding works as follows: first a single bit, 1, is appended to the end of the message. This is followed by as many zeros as are required to bring the length of the message up to 64 bits less than a multiple of 512. The re maining bits are filled up with a 64-bit integer representing the length of the original message[9]. The main M D5 algorithm operates on a 128 -bit state, divided into four 32-bit words, denoted A, B, C and D. These are initialized to certain fixed constants. The main algorithm then operates on each 512 -bit message block in turn, each block modifying the state.The processing of a message block consists of four similar stages, termed rounds; each round is composed of 16 similar operations based on a non -linear function F, modular addition, and left rotation. Many message digest functions have been proposed and are in use today. Here are just a few like HMAC, MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA, SHA-1. Here, we concentrate on MD5, one of the widely used digest functions. 3. HYBRID SECURITY PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE It is desired to communicate data with high security. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on controlled networks.These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity. This new security protocol has been designed for better security using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Figure 1 : Hybrid Protocol Architecture As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve both the Confidentiality and Integrity. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. The above discussed three primitives can be achieved with the help of this Security Protocol Architecture.The Architecture is as shown in the Figure 1. As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve bo th the Confidentiality and Integrity. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. 97 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 The new Security Protocol has been designed for better security. It is a combination of both the Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptog raphic Techniques.It provides the Cryptographic Primitives such as Integrity, Confidentiality and Authentication. The given plain text can be encrypted with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, ECC and the derived cipher text can be communicated to the destination through any secured channel. Simultaneously, the Hash value is calculated through MD5 for the same plain text, which already has been converted into the cipher text by ECC. This Hash value has been encrypted with Dual RSA and the encrypted message of this Hash value also sent to destination. The intruders may try to hack the original information from the encrypted messages.He may be trapped both the encrypted messages of plain text and the hash value and he will try to decrypt these messages to get original one. He might be get the hash value and it is impossible to extract the plain text from the cipher text, because, the hash value is encrypted with Dual RSA and the plain text is encrypted with ECC. Hence, the messag e can be communicated to the destination with highly secured manner. The new hash value is calculated with MD5 for the received originals messages and then it is compared with decrypted hash message for its integrity.By which, we can ensure that either the origi nal text being altered or not in the communication medium. This is the primitive feature of this hybrid protocol. 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 4. 1 Comparison of RSA and Dual RSA 1) The Public Key Algorithms, RSA and Dual-RSA have been implemented in VC++ and we got the following results. As shown in the Figure 2, the original message for communication is stored in MyFile. txt and its size is 547 Bytes, which is shown in the report file. Figure 2 : Input File MyFile. txt Figure 3 shows that the project main menu, which consists of various features. They are i. RSA Encryption, ii.RSA Decryption, iii. Dual RSA Encryption, iv. Dual RSA Decryption, and v. Graph, which is used to compare the computational costs of both the RSA and D ual -RSA Figure 4 shows that RSA Encryption and Figure 5 shows that Dual RSA encryption. From the figure 6 it is clear that the RSA take one block at a time for encryption and decryption at a time. But the dual RSA take more time for encryption of two block at a time, but it take less time for decryption of two blocks. So, the RSA encryption and decryption time is greater than Dual RSA because Dual RSA perform the encryption and decryption operation for two blocks. 8 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 3 : Process of RSA and Dual RSA Encryption/Decryption Figure 4 : RSA Encryption 99 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 5 : Dual – RSA Encryption 5. 2 Performance analysis of RSA and Dual RSA Figure 6 : RSA vs Dual RSA 100 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 7 : Computational costs of RSA vs Dual RSA Figure 6 s hows that the Perfor mance Analysis of RSA vs Dual RSA.From this figure, it is clear that the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual -RSA is less than that of ordinary RSA. From the Figure 7, it is observed that the total computation time for Encrypt ion and Decryption of RSA is 4314ms as compared with the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual – RSA is 3203ms for the file size 547 Bytes. From the analysis it is clear that Dual RSA is better than RSA algorithm. So, for authentic ation we are going to use Dual RSA. Dual RSA take two block for encryption and decryption simultaneously. . 3 Results of Hybrid protocol Architecture Here, we are using three different mode of operation. The sender, Receiver and Intruder. We have t o select the mode and process the information. The following figure represent the three different mode. Figure 8 : Mode selection If the mode is the sender, then we have to provide the key val ue and messages in t he specified location. Figure 9 : Sender Mode 101 Subasree & Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 10 shows that the Receiver received the sender message with the key.From the figure, it is noted that, the intruder also received the key and not the message. Because, the message is encrypted with ECC and key is encrypted by using Dual RSA. And also noted that, the intruder derived different key for decryption, which is equivalent to the original key. Even though the intruder got the key he cannot able to get the orig inal message because of Dual RSA. Because of Dual RSA we got two advantages one is the message cannot be decrypted and time required to perform the encryption and decryption operation less compare to RSA because Dual RSA perform encryption and decryption by two block at a time.The new Public Key Cryptographic algorithm, Dual – RSA has been developed for better performance in terms of computation costs and memory storage requirements. It is also called RSA -CRT, because it is used Chinese Remainder Theorem, CRT for its Decryption. From the output, it is noted that Dual -RSA improved the performance of RSA in terms of computation cost and memory storage requirements. It achieves parallelism. The CRT Decryption is achieved roughly ? times faster than original RSA. Figure 10 : Secured communication of Hybrid Protocol 102 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree & Sakthivel ?Design of a New Security Protocol 6. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, â€Å"An attack on the last two rounds of MD4†, Advances in Cryptology, Crypto ? 05, pages 194-203, Springer-Verlag, 2005. B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, â€Å"Collisions for the compression function of MD5†, Advances in Cryptology, Eurocrypt „07, pages 293-304, Springer-Verlag, 2007. D. Bleichenbacher and A. May, â€Å"New attacks on RSA with small CRTexponent in Pub lic Key Cryptography†, PKC 2006, vol ume 3968 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 1 –13. Springer-Verlag, 2006. D. Bleichenbacher and A.May, â€Å"New attacks on RSA with small secret CRT -exponents,† in Public Key Cryptology—PKC 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. New York: Springer, 2006, vol. 3958, pp. 1–13. D. Boneh and G. Durfee, â€Å"Cryptanalysis of RSA with private key d less than N ,† IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1339–1349, Jul. 2000. E. Jochemsz and A. May, â€Å"A polynomial time attack on standard RSA with private CRT -exponents†, 2007. Hung-Min Sun, and et al. , â€Å"Dual RSA and its Security Analysis†, IEEE Tra nsaction on Information Theory,Aug 2007, pp 2922 – 2933,2007 [8] H. -M. Sun, M. J.Hinek, and M. -E. Wu, On the design of Rebalanced-RSA, revised version of [37] Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research, Technical Report CACR 2005 -35, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www. cacr. math. uwaterloo. ca/te chreports/2005/cacr2005 -35. pdf [9] H. Dobbertin, â€Å"The Status of MD5 after a Recent Attack†, CryptoBytes, 2(2): 1-6, 2007. [10] M. J. Hinek, â€Å"Another look at small RSA exponents,† in Topics in Cryptology-CT-RSA 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, D. Pointcheval, Ed. New York: Springer, 2006, vol. 3860, pp. 82 –98. [11] N. Gura, A. Patel, A. Wander, H. Eberle, and S.C. Shantz, â€Å"Comparing Elliptic Curve Cryptography and RSA on 8-bit CPUs†. Proceedings of Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 2004), 6th International Workshop, pages 119 –132, 2004. [12] Ravindra Kumar Chahar and et. al. , â€Å" Design of a new Security Protocol†, IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, pp 132 – 134, 2007 [13] Ramaraj, E and Karthikeyan, S, â€Å" A Design of Enhanced Security Protocol for Wireless Communication using Hybrid Encryption Technique, Indian Jo urnal of Computing Technology, pp 22 -29, May, 2006. 14] S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, â€Å"Tunable balancing of RSA†, 2005. Updated ACISP 2005. version of [15] S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, â€Å"Tunable balancing of RSA,† in Proc. Inf. Security and Privacy, 10th Australasian Conf. , ACISP 2005, C. Boyd and J. M. G. Nieto, Eds. , 2005, vol. 3574, pp. 280 – 292, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. BIOGRAPHY Dr. S Subasree got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she done her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1995 and M. hil from Manonmaniam Sundaranar Univeristy in 2001. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2006 and 2009 respectively. She got 13 years teaching experience. Now she will be serving as a Senior Assistant Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 15 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her rese arch area includes Network Security, High Performance Soft Computing Techniques, Communication Network, and B iometric Cryptography. Dr. N K Sakthivel got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she one her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1994 and M. phil from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 2000. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2004 and 2009 respectively. She got 15 years teaching experience. Now She will be serving as a Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 18 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her research area includes High Speed Communication Networks, Network Security, High Performance Computing, and Biometric Cryptography. 103

Mr Know All Essay

There are two aspects which influence the content of a novel. They are the extrinsic elements and the intrinsic elements (Sukada, 1987 : 47). Extrinsic elements are the elements comes from of literary work such as the elements of history, social and culture, psychology, religion and philosophy. Intrinsic elements are the whole elements which make up structure of literary work such as plot, setting, theme, character, style, etc. this case, the writer will talk about the aspect of intrinsic elements in a novel which are theme, plot, setting, and character. It is a little hard to analyze the intrinsic elements in a novel, because many experts have different opinion to define which included to the intrinsic elements. (1987 : 54- 57). Gave some experts idea to define the intrinsic elements. 1. Jakob sumardjo stated that the intrinsic elements are: plot, character, theme, setting, atmosphere, style, and point of view. 2. Wellek & Warren stated that the intrinsic elements are: plot, character, setting, world view, tone. 3. Taylor (1988 : 2) the intrinsic elements are: plot, character, setting, theme, and point of view. The writer chooses Sumardjo’s idea which will be analyzed, some of those elements, there are theme, plot, setting, and character. 1. Theme Theme is the main discussion, which is put on important place in literary work, M,S Hutagalung (in Ahmad Badrun, 1983:85). William Kenny (1966 : 89) adds the theme is neither moral or the subject of the story. In addition, theme is meaning the story releases. Moral is a simple kind of theme, because all of themes of moral. It can be said that theme is the main discussion the story released. Add moral is a simple sort theme. Opdhal (1968 : 3) said that, theme is a idea or the concept implied in a short story .All stories have a theme or purpose no matter how seriously the author chooses to present it (Hamalian & Karl : 1978 : 327). A Theme of a story like plot maybe stated very briefly or at a greater length, with a simple or very brief story. We may be satisfied to sum up the theme in a single sentence but we may feel that a paragraph occasionally even an essay – is needed to state it adequatel. (Perin, 1978 : 113). Theme is the controlling and informing idea a literary work. Which writer content is a true or un true; a preposition which he undertaken to defends or attack (Duffy & Pettit, 1953 : 125). Theme and character are often closely related. The characters often symbolize an aspect of the theme. To observe the theme of a novel, (Perine, 1978 : 117). Stated that we should keep in mind the following principles. a) Theme must be expressible in the form of a statement with a subject and predicate. b) Theme is a central and unifying concept of a story. Therefore, (a) it must account For all the major details of the story, (b) the theme must not contradicted by any detail of the story, (c) the theme must not rely upon supposed facts not actually stated or clearly implied by the story. c) Theme must state as generalization about life. d) There is no one way of starting the theme of a story. e) We must be careful not to makes generalizes larger than is justified by the terms of the story. f) We should avoid any statement that reduces the theme to some familiar saying that we have heard all our lives. 2. Point of view The same as other elements of fiction, point of view, also ties together in the short story because each element could not be separated with another ones, point of view is the author’s vision toward character in the story (Rampan, 1995 :39). So this point of view closely related to telling techniques of the author toward work of fiction. In this case, the author‘s view will give consideration that short story has made must be a unity of a story. Abrams (In Nurgiantoro, 1995 : 248) defines point of view as the technique that s used by the author media to express character. Behavior, setting and, and some events in form a literary work. Furthermore, point of view can be mentioned as strategy, which in chosen freckly to reveal ideas and experience Both ideas and ideas and experiences are useful to find out the information of intrinsic elements, particularly point of view. Kamaly (2005 : 14) said that point of view is a way in delivering a story. Therefore, it’s a kind of tactic of the author in telling all events in that story. Abram, (In Nurgiantoro, 2002 : 249) said that point of view refers to the way a story is told .it is a way and or the view used by author as a medium in serving the character, action, setting, and the events. He and him – self concludes that point of view is essentially a strategy, technique, and tactic which are used and chosen by an author in telling story. Nurgiantoro (2002 : 242 – 271) divides point of view into three kinds they are : third single person, first person and mixed point of view. a) Third – single person It is point of view in which the narrator is an out said, it then presents all characters by name or pronoun. Nelson, Sarah, and Mrs Brand, or him, her and them. The author does not included in the story in this type of story telling the narrator can tell everything about the story or the character in details. This method of story-telling is also called â€Å"the eye of godâ€Å" because the narrator is put or put himself as god like who knows everything. When the narrator comes as on observer only, it called limited omniscient narration in which the narrator will only know one of the character’s felling, attitude, and behavior this point of view is divided into two kinds they are : the first, single limited narrator or he or she limited, the second, third single person omniscient. In third single person .Limited, the narrator tells about everything the figure, knows, hears, and sees, however it is limited to one figure only. The omniscient point of view or third person omni scient is a way in which the story is told point of view â€Å"heâ€Å" however the narrator can tell everything about figure. Therefore the narrator knows everything. b) First Single Person In this kind of point of view the author used â€Å"Iâ€Å" becomes one of character in the story. The narrator tells about him self, all the experiences he got through physically, †I â€Å" in this type point of view the character i comes as a narrator who tells about himself or everything he found, hears, and feel. This type of point of view is divided in to two; they are â€Å"Iâ€Å" as a main character, and â€Å"Iâ€Å" as additional character when â€Å"Iâ€Å" becomes the main character in the story. He will tell everything about himself. All of her knowledge, feels and experiences. In short he tell all about he himself. When the â€Å"Iâ€Å" comes up as an additional character, he in this position comes as a witness only who knows a little that happen to the main character. The main duty of the character in this case is just to serve the story. c) Mixing Point Of View The author sometimes tells from the beginning part of chapter by using first person single narrator. In other chapter the author changes his tactic by using third single person narrator. It can be seen in one of sir Arthur Conan Doyle‘s (1987 work entitled â€Å"a study I scarlet†. Thus this type of point of view is called mixing of point of view. Furthermore ,Sumardjo and Saini (1986 : 83 – 84). There are four types point of view, they are (1) omniscient point view. the author freely telling characters in the story. They determine themselves what they want to do, author knew all about the characters as the pronoun â€Å"she/he â€Å" (Nurgiyantoro, 1995 : 275). (2) Objective point of view, the authors work as in omniscient but not reveal a comment to the story. Readers are offered real situation without change the actual meaning. Letting the readers know the content of story freely.(Keegen, 1997). (3) first person point of view, the author tell himself as the Pronoun â€Å"Iâ€Å", sometime telling his experience based on the though way. (4) observer point of view, the author might choose characters to tell their experiences, ideas and feelings but these characters just show to the readers about what they have seen. In short, an author may collaborates two kinds of point of view in his work. He may use third single person and first single person in one novel. He also may use third single person omniscient narrator and third single person limited narrator. 3. Plot Plot is a series of events created by the author to tell the story .In most of stories, these events rise out of conflict experiences by the main character. The conflict isn‘t come from internal only but conflict comes from something external too, Stanton (In Nurgiantoro, 2002 : 113) said that plot is story that contains series of events. However, the causality aspect only connects each those event. One event caused the other event to happen. Nurgiantoro (2002 : 115) said that plot is the reflection of the character‘ s behavior and attitude in acting, thinking, felling, and facing the problems of life he or she faces. However not all of the human being experiences called plot. In addition, he added that the event, attitude, and behavior of human being would called a plot if they have special type. Syamsir Aripin as (In Kuswari‘s, 2005 : 14) said that plot is an integration of series of events that composed as functional interrelation. Plot reveals events to use only in their temporal but also their causal relationship, plot makes us aware of events not merely as element in temporal series but also as an increate pattern of cause and effect. In addition, the readers will know soonly about the end of the story as they just start reading the novel. However, they will not know about process or each detail of story until the last page of it, mixing plot, in a range. Some parts of the story are tells chronologically and the others are the flash back. Crises are the situation where as the character is give description by author‘s attitude. Climax is the moment of the greatest emotional tensio n so those conflicts in the story slow down. Conclusion is resolution of the story. 4. Setting Setting is illustration of times and places. It can also include complex dimension such as historical moment the story occupies or it‘s social context, because particular places and times have impersonality or emotional essence. Setting was also one of primary ways that a fiction writer established mood. When and where events occur are calls setting .They will become background of the story. Therefore, the readers of the story will get information about the condition and the situation of the places and times as the takes places. Aminudin (In Kuswari, 2005 : 16). Explained that setting is background of occurrence in fiction. Setting refers to place, time relationship , and social environment in which the events taken place. Setting can be divided into two; physical and spiritual setting. Physical setting refers to place and time. Spritual setting refers to custom, tradition, believe and value of the society where the event happens. (Nurgiantoro, 2002 : 218). It can be concluded that setting is background. of story the event illustrate .It refers to merely to the physical but also to non – physical .The physical setting my consist of place and space namely road, rivers and house. In addition, non – physical setting or spiritual setting refers to believe, costume, tradition and value as well. 5. Character Character is a person in a play or story (Duffy & Pettit, 1953 : 24) Character development involves both physical descriptive and classification of the mental and spiritual qualities of the person (Opdhal, 1968 : 3). Stanton stated that of story has the major character. its character, which is related to every event in the story, usually it will show the change both in the character itself or act toward the character. According to foster (Taylor, 1981 : 65) character is divided in two types: flat and round character. Flat character is less the representation of human personality than the embodiment of a single attitude or obsession in a character. Foster this calls kind of character flat because we see only one side of him. A flat character that never surprises the readers is immediately recognizable and usually can be represented as a single formula. Milley and Clueley (1904 : 27) divided characters in two categories. They are the major and the minor characters. The major characters are that a central to the action, so continual in there presents. In which it is expected that the author explore their take up and motivation thoroughly. While the minor character as miller, said has seen by us as they imagine on the person who support the major character so that the major character action become live and logical as the real life. Round characters are those fictional creation who has complex many faceted personalities and an independent inner life which itself invites our interest. Round characters can surprise the readers without credibility. A round character can surprise the readers without loosing credibility of a character. He must be credible, we as a reader want him to be recognizable similar in some aspects to people we have known, so that we can relate to him can understand, can like or dislike him. We may conclude that complexity of characters tends to produce lifelikeness in the world of fiction. Round character is more lifelike than flat character lifelike is one form of relevance. No real human being can be adequately summed up in formula as a flat character. Certainly no reader of fiction would be willing to admit that he can be summed up .Real human beings are capable of surprising us. The round character can surprise us; and the flat character cannot. A character may be consistent with what we have learned about .To identify characters in a story or novel the author may use three ways: a) The author tells us whether he is like by exposition or analysis. b) The character reveals himself through his speeches and action. c) The reaction of other characters to him indicated what type of a person he is. 6. Style Style is not quite different from point of view, where style emphasizes toward telling techniques about characters, and then point of view is the author’s way to express characters. Aminuddin (2003 : 72) and Keraf (1985 : 112) defined style comes from Latin Language (slilus), is a tool for writing. Furthermore style become skill capability reveal ideas and aesthetic word and can express the meaning beyond feeling touch and readers emotion in other words. Good literary are works that have harmony and aesthetic language and make readers are not boring, enjoy and feel empathy, it depends on author’s skill how to express style, in other word skill is author personality (Somardjo and Saini, 1986 : 92) or techniques reveal thoughts through typical language ,which showing author and soul and personality (Goris Keraf, 1985 : 113). Style is fiction refers to the language conventions used to construct the story; fiction writers can manipulate diction sentences structure, phrasing, dialog, and other aspects of language to create the style. Thus, a story’s story could be described as richly detailed. Flowing and barely controlled. Or sparing and minimalist to reflect the simple sentence structures and low range of vocabulary. By using different style in the short story, the readers also acquired different atmosphere from a story. Usually, old authors have strong style to express their work; different with young authors are still looking for a format, even styles of old writers will be followed by young writers, (Sumarjdo Saini, 1986 : 92). Language is central equipment which is used by the authors to reveal their commendations. However literary language has own target that different with languages of magazine, newspaper and daily language. The using of literary style is based on three fundamental matter, they are; (1) diction, (2) the form of word in the sentence (3) tone (Rampan, 1993 : 63).The three fundamental matters will avoke authors typical that compare it with others. Kerap (In Rampan,1995 : 63) states that. â€Å"Style is a part of diction that confers suitable word usage in certain clause to face certain situation. Because of the phenomenon of style covering all language hierarchy; diction individually, phrase, clause and sentences or cover all discourses generally.